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Tag Archives: metric spaces
Commutative Algebra 54
Filtered Rings Definition. Let A be a ring. A filtration on A is a sequence of additive subgroups such that for any . A filtered ring is a ring with a designated filtration. Note Since , in fact each is … Continue reading
Posted in Advanced Algebra
Tagged completions, filtrations, formal power series, limits, metric spaces, p-adic, ultrametric
5 Comments
Topology: Sequentially Compact Spaces and Compact Spaces
We’ve arrived at possibly the most confusing notion in topology/analysis. First, we wish to fulfil an earlier promise: to prove that if C is a closed and bounded subset of R and f : R → R is continuous, then f(C) is closed and bounded. [ As … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged compact spaces, metric spaces, nets, sequences, sequentially compact spaces, subnets
4 Comments
Topology: Complete Metric Spaces
[ This article was updated on 8 Mar 13; the universal property is now in terms of Cauchy-continuous maps. ] On an intuitive level, a complete metric space is one where there are “no gaps”. Formally, we have: Definition. A … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, cauchy sequences, complete metric spaces, completion, metric spaces, topology, universal properties
10 Comments
Topology: Hausdorff Spaces and Dense Subsets
Hausdorff Spaces Recall that we’d like a condition on a topological space X such that if a sequence converges, its limit is unique. A sufficient condition is given by the following: Definition. A topological space X is said to be Hausdorff if … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, continuity, dense subsets, Hausdorff, metric spaces, nets, topology
2 Comments
Topology: Cauchy Sequences and Uniform Continuity
[ Updated on 8 Mar 13 to include Cauchy-continuity and added answers to exercises. ] We wish to generalise the concept of Cauchy sequences to metric spaces. Recall that on an intuitive level, a Cauchy sequence is one where the … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, cauchy sequences, cauchy-continuity, metric spaces, product topology, topology, uniform continuity
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Topology: Nets and Points of Accumulation
Recall that a sequence in a topological space X converges to a in X if the function f : N* → X which takes is continuous at . Unrolling the definition, it means that for any open subset U of X containing a, the set contains (N, ∞] for some N. In … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, closed subsets, continuity, convergence, limits, metric spaces, nets, points of accumulation, sequences, topology
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Topology: Continuous Maps
Continuity in Metric Spaces Following the case of real analysis, let’s define continuous functions via the usual ε-δ definition. Definition. Let (X, d) and (Y, d’) be two metric spaces. A function f : X → Y is said to be … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, continuity, disjoint union topology, homeomorphism, metric spaces, product topology, subspaces, topology
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Topology: Product Spaces (I)
In this article, we consider the product of two topological spaces. To motivate our definition, we first begin with metric spaces (X, dX) and (Y, dY). Letting Z = X × Y be the set-theoretic product, we wish to define a metric on Z from dX and … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, metric spaces, product topology, subspaces, topology, torus
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Topology: Subspaces
First, suppose (X, d) is a metric space. If Y is a subset of X, then one can restrict the metric to , i.e. for any , we set d’(y, y’) := d(y, y’). It’s not hard to show that the resulting function is a metric on Y. … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, bases, clopen sets, homeomorphisms, metric spaces, subbases, subspaces, topology
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Topology: Basic Definitions
Motivation and Definition While studying analysis, one notices that many important concepts can be defined in terms of “open sets”. One gets the inkling that this concept is critical in forming our notions of continuity, limits etc. In this article, we … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged analysis, closed subsets, discrete topology, metric spaces, open balls, open subsets, topology, topoloical equivalence
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