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Author Archives: limsup
Topology: Subspaces
First, suppose (X, d) is a metric space. If Y is a subset of X, then one can restrict the metric to , i.e. for any , we set d’(y, y’) := d(y, y’). It’s not hard to show that the resulting function is a metric on Y. … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, bases, clopen sets, homeomorphisms, metric spaces, subbases, subspaces, topology
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Topology: Bases and Subbases
Bases Recall that though a subring or ideal of a ring may be rather huge, it often suffices to specify just a few elements which will generate the subring or ideal. Likewise, in a topology, one can specify a few … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged bases, furstenberg's proof, generated topology, infinitude of primes, open balls, open subsets, subbases, topology
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Topology: Basic Definitions
Motivation and Definition While studying analysis, one notices that many important concepts can be defined in terms of “open sets”. One gets the inkling that this concept is critical in forming our notions of continuity, limits etc. In this article, we … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged analysis, closed subsets, discrete topology, metric spaces, open balls, open subsets, topology, topoloical equivalence
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Burnside’s Lemma and Polya Enumeration Theorem (1)
[ Note: this article assumes you know some rudimentary theory of group actions. ] Let’s consider the following combinatorial problem. Problem. ABC is a given equilateral triangle. We wish to colour each of the three vertices A, B and C by … Continue reading
Basic Analysis: Closed Subsets and Uniform Continuity
Let’s consider another question: suppose f : D → R is continuous, where D is a subset of R. If (xn) is a sequence in D converging to some real L, is it true that (f(xn)) is also convergent? Now if L is in D, then we know that (f(xn)) → (f(L)). … Continue reading
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Tagged advanced, analysis, closed subsets, continuity, points of accumulation, uniform continuity, uniform convergence
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Basic Analysis: Uniform Convergence
Once again, let be a subset. Suppose we now have a sequence of functions , where n = 1, 2, 3, … , such that for each x in D, the sequence converges to some real value. We’ll denote this value by f(x), thus … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, analysis, continuity, convergence, pointwise convergence, series, uniform convergence
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Basic Analysis: Differentiation (2)
Finding Extremum Points One of the most common applications of differentiation is in finding all local maximum and minimum points. Definition. We say f(x) has a local maximum (resp. minimum) at x=a, if there is an open interval (b, c) containing a, such … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, analysis, compact sets, differentiation, mean value theorem, rolle's theorem
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Basic Analysis: Differentiation (1)
In this article, we’ll look at differentiation more rigourously and carefully. Throughout this article, we suppose f is a real-valued function defined on an open interval (b, c) containing a, i.e. f : (b, c) → R with b < a < c. Theorem. The derivative of f(x) at a is … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, analysis, analytic, chain rule, differentiation, taylor series
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Basic Analysis: Limits and Continuity (3)
Let’s consider multivariate functions where . To that end, we need the Euclidean distance function on Rn. If x = (x1, x2, …, xn) is in Rn, we define: Note that |x| = 0 if and only if x is the zero vector 0. Now we are ready … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, analysis, continuity, limits, multivariate, open balls, open subsets, topology
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Mathematics and Such 