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Author Archives: limsup
Introduction to Ring Theory (7)
Polynomial Rings A polynomial over a ring R is an expression of the form: , where , and . Let’s get some standard terminology out of the way. The element ai is called the coefficient of xi. The largest n for which an ≠ 0 is called … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged cryptography, derivatives, factor theorem, polynomials, remainder theorem, ring theory, secret sharing
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Introduction to Ring Theory (6)
Let’s keep stock of what we’ve covered so far for ring theory, and compare it to the case of groups. There are loads of parallels between the two cases. G is a group R is a ring. Abelian groups. Commutative … Continue reading
Introduction to Ring Theory (5)
Our first order of the day is to state the correspondence between the ideals and subrings of R/I and those of R. This is totally analogous to the case of groups. Theorem. Let I be an ideal of R. There are 1-1 … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, chinese remainder theorem, ideals, maximal ideals, prime ideals, ring theory, rings
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Introduction to Ring Theory (4)
It’s now time to talk about homomorphisms. Definition. Let R, S be rings. A function f : R → S is a ring homomorphism if it satisfies the following: f(1R) = 1S; f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y in … Continue reading
Introduction to Ring Theory (3)
Ideals and Ring Quotients Suppose I is a subgroup of (R, +). Since + is abelian, I is automatically a normal subgroup and we get the group quotient (R/I, +). One asks when we can define the product operation on R/I. To be specific, each … Continue reading
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Tagged advanced, gaussian integers, generated ideals, ideals, principal ideals, ring quotients, ring theory
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Introduction to Ring Theory (2)
Subrings Just like groups have subgroups, we have: Definition. A subset S of a ring R is a subring if it satisfies the following: ; ; . The first two conditions imply that S is a subgroup of (R, +). Together with … Continue reading
Introduction to Ring Theory (1)
Recall that in groups, one has only a binary operation *. Rings are algebraic structures with addition and multiplication operations – and consistency is ensured by the distributive property. Definition. A ring R is a set together with two binary operations: … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged advanced, characteristic, commutative rings, distributive property, division rings, fields, integral domains, quaternions, ring theory, rings, units, zero-divisors
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Random Walk and Differential Equations (II)
1-Dimensional Heat Equation Consider the case of 1-dimensional random walk. The equation (*) from the previous post gives: for t≥0. Suppose the intervals between successive time/space points are variable. Let’s rewrite it in the following form: Setting δt ≈ ε2 and δx ≈ ε, we divide both … Continue reading
Intermediate Group Theory (6)
In this post, we’ll only focus on additive abelian groups. By additive, we mean the underlying group operation is denoted by +. The identity and inverse of x are denoted by 0 and –x respectively. Similarly, 2x+3y refers to x+x+y+y+y. Etc … Continue reading
Posted in Notes
Tagged abelian groups, advanced, direct products, direct sums, free groups, generated groups, universal properties
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Mathematics and Such 